Đề ôn thi Đề thi vào lớp 10 Thái Nguyên môn Tiếng Anh - Mã đề TNG-171

Long before electricity, people had clever ways to power machinery, and one of the most important was the water wheel. This simple device used the force of flowing water to generate mechanical power. Water wheels were usually large wooden structures placed next to a river, where a channel directed water (29) __________ its paddles or buckets. The weight and movement of the water turned the massive wheel. (30) __________, this rotation was transferred through a system of gears and shafts to power machinery inside a mill.

This technology had a huge (31) __________ on pre-industrial society, allowing for the mass production of goods like flour and textiles. The basic principle behind it is a simple conversion of energy. (32) __________ mill needed a constant water flow, so finding the right location was crucial. If a modern city (33) __________ to rely solely on water wheels for its power, it would not be able to function. People also had to (34) __________ the complex machinery, constantly checking for wear and tear to prevent breakdowns.

For many teenagers, leather goods like sneakers, bags, and jackets are key fashion items. However, the production of traditional animal leather raises ethical questions about animal welfare and has a significant environmental impact. In response, science is offering a revolutionary alternative: lab-grown leather. This new material is gaining attention, especially among young consumers who want their style choices to also be responsible choices, blending fashion with a conscience.

So, how is this 'bio-leather' made? Instead of coming from animals, it is grown using biotechnology. One of the most promising methods involves using mycelium, which is the root structure of mushrooms. These roots can be grown into a solid mat that looks and feels very much like leather. Another innovative process uses engineered yeast to produce collagen, the same protein that makes up animal skin. This collagen is then formed into a leather-like material.

The advantages of bio-leather are clear. It is cruelty-free, meaning no animals are harmed. Its production also typically uses less water and fewer harmful chemicals than traditional leather tanning. However, the technology is not without its challenges. Currently, production costs are high, and scaling up to meet global demand is a major hurdle. Convincing a market accustomed to traditional leather to adopt this new material is also not a minor task.

While countries like Vietnam have a large and established leather and footwear industry that still relies on conventional animal hides, local innovators and fashion brands are watching these global developments closely. They see the potential for a more sustainable future. As this technology improves and becomes more affordable, bio-leather could transform the fashion industry, offering a future where the accessories we love are both stylish and kind to the planet.