Đề ôn thi Đề thi vào lớp 10 Trường Phổ thông Năng khiếu môn Tiếng Anh - Mã đề PTNK-84

A Tunnel Boring Machine, or TBM, is one of the most impressive pieces of construction machinery ever created. It is essentially a mobile factory that can (21) __________ underground, carving out tunnels with remarkable precision. These machines, which can be hundreds of meters long, are used for major infrastructure projects like subway systems, and road and railway tunnels. They make it possible to build tunnels safely and efficiently beneath cities and mountains.

At the very front of the TBM is its most iconic feature: (22) __________ cutter head. This is a massive, circular plate fitted with dozens of sharp cutting discs. As the TBM moves forward, the cutter head is constantly rotating, grinding away at soil and rock. The immense force and specialized design of these discs allow the machine to break down even the hardest geological formations.

As the TBM cuts through the earth, a large amount of loose rock and soil, known as 'muck', is created. This material falls onto a conveyor belt that runs through the length of the machine (23) __________ it can be transported back to the tunnel entrance. The system must carry out this removal process continuously to prevent the machine from getting blocked and to clear the path ahead.

Simultaneously, at the rear of the TBM, a different but equally important process is happening. A robotic arm called a segment erector carefully picks up pre-made concrete segments and installs them to form a ring, creating the permanent tunnel wall. A site manager once explained that the machine handled this task with great accuracy. This dual-action design allows the TBM to continue moving forward while securing the tunnel behind it.

TBMs have truly revolutionized modern construction. If these incredible machines did not exist, building long tunnels would be significantly slower and more hazardous. While they make the impossible possible, operating a TBM is an extremely complex and demanding job that requires a huge team of skilled engineers and technicians. It is definitely not always a (24) __________.

Giving back to the community is a universal human desire, connecting people and fostering collective well-being. Across cultures, individuals and organizations engage in philanthropy, driven by compassion and a desire to improve lives. However, a significant question often arises: what is the most effective way to help those in need? Is it better to offer direct financial aid to individuals, providing immediate relief, or should our support be channeled through larger, more structured charitable organizations that implement extensive programs? [I]

Direct giving, often seen in informal acts of kindness, offers an immediate and personal connection. [II] When you contribute directly to someone facing hardship, the impact is visible and tangible. This approach is highly responsive, addressing urgent needs without bureaucratic delays. For many, this direct exchange fosters personal fulfillment and ensures generosity reaches the intended recipient quickly. However, while powerful for individual instances, direct giving often lacks the infrastructure to tackle systemic issues or provide long-term, sustainable solutions for a wider population.

In contrast, large, organized charity programs offer a different scale of philanthropy. [III] These professional non-profit organizations are equipped with established systems, expertise, and resources to address complex societal problems broadly. They can implement long-term projects, manage extensive outreach, and ensure accountability. For instance, in Vietnam, where informal giving is common, professional organizations are increasingly vital. The VinaCapital Foundation’s ‘Heartbeat Vietnam’ program meticulously funds crucial heart surgeries for disadvantaged children, showcasing how organized efforts deliver specialized, impactful aid otherwise impossible.

For young people encountering calls for donations online or through school, understanding these approaches is crucial. [IV] It’s not simply about whether to give, but how to give effectively. There isn't a single "best" way, as the optimal approach depends on the specific need and the donor's goals. Direct aid offers immediate comfort, while organized charities foster sustainable change. This encourages critical thinking about where your contribution – time, money, or effort – can make the most meaningful impact, prompting research into a charity's mission, impact, and transparency.

Ultimately, the choice between direct giving and supporting organized charities reflects a personal decision rooted in your values and desired impact. What truly matters is the willingness to contribute to a better world. Whether you choose to help an individual directly, volunteer for a local cause, or donate to a large-scale program like 'Heartbeat Vietnam', every act of kindness and generosity makes a difference. By considering the effectiveness and reach of your contributions, you empower yourself to be a more thoughtful and impactful participant in building a more compassionate society.