Đề ôn thi Đề thi vào lớp 10 Trường Phổ thông Năng khiếu môn Tiếng Anh - Mã đề PTNK-61

The ancient Romans were famous for their engineering skills and grand constructions. Their cities featured magnificent temples, public baths, and arenas that still stand today. One of their most (21) __________ innovations was the semicircular arch, a simple but revolutionary design. This structure fundamentally changed how buildings were designed and constructed across the Roman Empire.

Before the arch, builders used a simple post-and-lintel system, which involved placing a horizontal beam across two vertical posts. This method had significant limitations, especially for creating wide openings. The Roman arch was a more effective solution because it could span much wider distances without needing many columns for support.

The secret to the arch's strength lies in how it distributes pressure. It was built using several wedge-shaped stones, called voussoirs, which were placed in a curved line. When weight was put on the arch, the stones pushed against each other, directing the pressure sideways and then down into the ground. This meant that no single stone carried too much weight. The most (22) __________ piece was the keystone, the final wedge-shaped stone placed at the top of the arch.

The keystone locked all the other stones into position. Without it, the entire structure (23) __________ collapse under pressure. (24) __________ did this design allow for bigger and stronger buildings, but it also enabled the construction of enormous aqueducts that carried water for many kilometers. These structures helped the Romans maintain a massive and sophisticated empire.

Overall, the Roman arch was more than just an architectural feature. It was a foundational technology that demonstrated a deep understanding of physics and materials. The principles behind the Roman arch, which are based on managing compression and tension, continue to influence engineering and architecture to this very day.

In today’s digital world, platforms like TikTok and YouTube thrive on creativity, often fueled by remix culture. [I] You’ve probably seen countless videos featuring snippets of popular songs, from dance challenges to comedic skits. [II] This ability to instantly share and build upon existing content feels like the ultimate creative expression. [III] But beneath this vibrant surface lies a complex question: when does creative remixing cross the line from innovation into infringement?

[IV] The heart of this issue is copyright, a legal right granting creators exclusive control over their original works. When Sơn Tùng M-TP releases a song, he, or his record label, owns its copyright: the melody, lyrics, and recording. This means they have the sole right to reproduce, distribute, perform, or display their work. Permission is required if someone else uses it commercially or as a direct copy. Copyright protects artists’ livelihoods and incentivizes them to produce more music, ensuring credit and compensation for their talent.

So, when you use a V-Pop song in your fan video or dance cover without permission, are you a creator or a thief? Your intention might be innocent—just showing appreciation—but it can be seen as copyright infringement. Platforms like YouTube quickly detect unauthorized use. This can lead to a 'copyright strike,' your video muted or taken down, or even account suspension. These rules protect original artists, preventing their work from being used without consent, even for non-commercial purposes.

However, not all uses of copyrighted material are prohibited. There's 'fair use' (or 'fair dealing'), allowing limited use without permission for purposes like commentary, criticism, news reporting, teaching, or research. A transformative parody, for instance, might fall under fair use. Fair use is complicated and determined case-by-case, considering purpose, nature of the work, amount used, and its market effect. For your next project, consider creating original music, using royalty-free tracks, or seeking explicit permission if you truly want to feature a popular song.

Ultimately, understanding intellectual property isn't about stifling creativity; it’s about becoming a responsible, ethical digital citizen. As you craft your next video or TikTok, think about how your creative choices impact the original artists who made the music you enjoy. Respecting copyright not only protects you from potential content takedowns but also contributes to a healthier creative ecosystem where artists are fairly compensated and motivated to produce amazing work. By being mindful of these rules, you can continue to be a fantastic creator, innovating responsibly and supporting the artists you admire.