Đề ôn thi Đề thi vào lớp 10 Trường Phổ thông Năng khiếu môn Tiếng Anh - Mã đề PTNK-127

Have you ever wondered how astronauts sleep when they are orbiting the Earth? On the International Space Station (ISS), astronauts experience a very different kind of bedtime routine compared to us on Earth. The main reason is zero gravity, the condition of being weightless. This environment means that there is no "up" or "down," and everything, including people, will float if not secured. This presents unique challenges for getting a good night's rest.

Astronauts on the ISS don't sleep in regular beds. Instead, they usually use (21) __________ special sleeping bag. Each crew member has their own small, personal sleeping area, which is like a small cabin. These sleeping bags are designed to be comfortable and warm. The primary purpose of the bag is not just for warmth, but also to prevent them from floating away while they are asleep and bumping into sensitive equipment.

So that they can rest safely, astronauts must attach their sleeping bags to a surface, such as a wall or a bunk. They use straps to hold the bag in place. Before they go to sleep, they have to carefully (22) __________ their sleep station. They get inside the sleeping bag, zip it up, and make sure everything is secure. Most astronauts also wear eye masks and earplugs to block out the constant noise and light on the station.

If an astronaut (23) __________ their sleeping bag, they would float around the cabin and could potentially collide with controls or other astronauts. This could be dangerous and would certainly wake them up. An astronaut once mentioned in an interview that this was a mistake you only make once. Another astronaut said that it (24) __________ the most peaceful sleep he had ever had, as there were no pressure points on his body.

Sleeping in space might sound strange, but many astronauts report sleeping very well. Without gravity pulling them down, their bodies can relax in a way that is not possible on Earth. For many, it is a unique and unforgettable part of their mission. Being able to float while you sleep is truly a once in a blue moon experience that only a few people in history have had the chance to enjoy.

Have you ever felt like you’re simply "not good" at something, like math or a new sport? This common feeling often stems from a fixed mindset, where we believe our abilities are static. However, Stanford psychologist Carol Dweck introduces the "growth mindset": the belief that intelligence and talents can be developed through effort. Embracing the power of "not yet" transforms perceived failures into valuable learning opportunities, fundamentally changing how we approach challenges and mistakes. [I]

A fixed mindset leads individuals to avoid challenges, fearing failure and viewing mistakes as proof of limitations. They might declare, "I'm just not a math person," and give up. [II] In contrast, a growth mindset sees effort as the path to mastery. Someone with a growth mindset understands struggles are part of learning. They might rephrase that thought to, "This math problem is tough, but I haven't figured it out yet," showing resilience and a willingness to persist.

In Vietnam, the educational landscape, with its intense focus on high scores, can inadvertently foster a fixed mindset. Students often feel categorized as "good" or "bad" at a subject based on test results, leading to immense pressure. [III] Recognizing this, institutions like Vietnam National University, Hanoi, have explored introducing more holistic assessment methods to encourage a broader view of student progress.

For a 14- or 15-year-old, understanding this distinction can be revolutionary. Consider the common phrase, "I'm bad at English." This statement reflects a fixed mindset, shutting down any possibility of improvement. However, shifting to "I haven't mastered English grammar yet" instantly opens the door to growth. This subtle but profound change transforms a perceived personal failing into a temporary state, a challenge that can be overcome with continued effort.

Ultimately, "not yet" is a powerful tool for cultivating a growth mindset. [IV] It redefines mistakes from endpoints into essential stepping stones on the path to mastery. Instead of fearing errors, embrace them as signals indicating where more effort or a different approach is needed. By reframing our internal dialogue and believing in our capacity to learn and improve, we unlock true potential, transforming every challenge into an opportunity for growth.