Đề ôn thi Đề thi vào lớp 10 Trường THPT Chuyên KHXH môn Tiếng Anh - Mã đề KHXH-92

Have you ever wondered how astronauts sleep when they are orbiting the Earth? On the International Space Station (ISS), astronauts (35) __________ a very different kind of bedtime routine compared to us on Earth. The main reason is zero gravity, the condition of being weightless. This environment means that there is no "up" or "down," and everything, including people, will float if not secured. This presents unique challenges for getting a good night's rest.

Astronauts on the ISS don't sleep in regular beds. Instead, they usually use (36) __________ special sleeping bag. Each crew member has their own small, personal sleeping area, which is like a small cabin. These sleeping bags are designed to be comfortable and warm. The primary purpose of the bag is not just for warmth, but also to prevent them from (37) __________ away while they are asleep and bumping into sensitive equipment.

(38) __________ they can rest safely, astronauts must attach their sleeping bags to a surface, such as a wall or a bunk. They use straps to hold the bag in place. Before they go to sleep, they have to carefully (39) __________ their sleep station. They get inside the sleeping bag, zip it up, and make sure everything is secure. Most astronauts also wear eye masks and earplugs to block out the constant noise and light on the station.

If an astronaut (40) __________ their sleeping bag, they would float around the cabin and could potentially collide with controls or other astronauts. This could be dangerous and would certainly wake them up. An astronaut once mentioned in an interview that this was a mistake you only make once. Another astronaut said that it (41) __________ the most peaceful sleep he had ever had, as there were no pressure points on his body.

Sleeping in space might sound strange, but many astronauts report sleeping very well. Without gravity pulling them down, their bodies can relax in a way that is not possible on Earth. For many, it is a unique and unforgettable part of their mission. Being able to float while you sleep is truly a (42) __________ experience that only a few people in history have had the chance to enjoy.

Imagine this: you're sitting in the back of a car, scrolling through your phone, as it expertly navigates the morning rush hour in Ho Chi Minh City, all by itself. This isn't science fiction; it's the goal of autonomous vehicle (AV) technology. Companies worldwide are investing billions of dollars to create cars that can drive without human intervention. This technology is often categorized into 'levels', from Level 1 (basic driver assistance) to Level 5 (full automation where no steering wheel is needed). The dream is a future with safer, more efficient, and less stressful transportation for everyone.

However, turning this dream into a reality in Vietnam presents unique and immense challenges. The traffic in major cities like Hanoi and Ho Chi Minh City is famously chaotic. Unlike the organized traffic flow in many Western countries, Vietnamese streets are a complex dance of cars, buses, and countless motorbikes that often weave unpredictably between lanes. Pedestrians might cross the street at any moment, and traffic rules are frequently interpreted with flexibility. An AV's computer would need to process this overwhelming amount of information and make split-second decisions that even experienced human drivers find difficult.

So, how do these vehicles work? Self-driving cars rely on a sophisticated combination of sensors, including cameras, radar, and LiDAR (Light Detection and Ranging), to create a 360-degree view of their surroundings. This data is fed into a powerful artificial intelligence (AI) system, which acts as the car's brain. They are responsible for identifying other vehicles, pedestrians, and obstacles, predicting their movements, and controlling the car's steering, acceleration, and braking. The primary promise of this technology is a dramatic increase in safety by removing the single biggest cause of accidents: human error.

Recognizing this global trend, Vietnamese companies are not standing still. Vingroup, for example, has been actively developing autonomous features for its VinFast cars. Their goal is to achieve Level 3 or 4 autonomy, which means the car can handle most driving situations on its own. Testing these systems on Vietnam's complex roads is an enormous undertaking. It requires not only advanced technology but also incredibly detailed digital maps and an AI that can truly understand the local driving culture. Success would be a major technological achievement for Vietnam.

While a fully autonomous car that can perfectly handle a flooded street during a downpour in District 1 might still be many years away, the journey has begun. The development of AV technology raises important questions for our generation. It challenges us to think about the balance between technological potential and real-world practicalities, and to consider how much trust we are willing to place in artificial intelligence.