Đề ôn thi Đề thi vào lớp 10 Trường THPT Chuyên KHXH môn Tiếng Anh - Mã đề KHXH-110

Have you ever wondered how your body knows how to do things so quickly, like pulling your hand away from a hot object? It's all thanks to (35) __________ amazing network called the nervous system. This system works like a high-speed internet for your body, sending and receiving information instantly. It connects your brain and senses to your muscles and organs, allowing every part to communicate and coordinate.

The fundamental units of this network are special cells called neurons. There are billions of them, and they (36) __________ as the body's tiny messengers. When your senses, like your eyes or skin, detect something, they create an electrical signal. This signal is the message, and its destination is usually the brain, which processes the information and decides what to do.

Each neuron has a long fiber called an axon, which is designed for (37) __________ the electrical impulse rapidly over a distance. The impulse travels along the axon, moving from the main cell body towards the end. Think of it as a spark moving quickly along a wire. This process ensures that messages from your brain can reach your toes in a fraction of a second.

When the impulse reaches the end of one neuron, it can't simply jump to the next one because there is a tiny gap, called a synapse. To continue the journey, the neuron has to (38) __________ to the next one. It does this by releasing special chemicals into the gap. It releases these chemicals (39) __________ the message can be picked up by the neighboring neuron. A neuroscientist once explained that the system's speed (40) __________ almost unbelievable, considering this complex step.

This chain reaction of electrical and chemical signals happens continuously throughout your body. If this process were slower, you (41) __________ be able to react instantly to stay safe. Thanks to the nervous system, a complete instruction—from seeing a ball flying towards you to raising your hands to catch it—can happen (42) __________ to ensure your body responds perfectly to the world around it.

Imagine you're in a group chat with your classmates. Suddenly, a few people start making fun of one person, posting unkind memes and mean comments. You see it happening, but you don't type a word. In this situation, you are a 'digital bystander'—a witness to online harassment who chooses not to intervene. This silent role is becoming a critical issue in the digital age, as the line between private observation and public responsibility becomes increasingly blurry for teenagers navigating online social spaces.

So, why do so many of us choose silence? The reasons are complex. One major factor is fear. Bystanders often worry that if they speak up, they will become the next target of the bullies. Another powerful force is the 'diffusion of responsibility'. When many people witness an event, each individual feels less personal responsibility to act, assuming someone else will. People might also hesitate because they are unsure of what to do or say. They might wonder if their intervention will make things worse or if it's even their place to get involved.

However, silence can be interpreted as approval by both the bully and the victim. The opposite of a bystander is an 'upstander'—someone who recognizes a problem and takes action. Being an upstander doesn't always mean directly confronting the bully. It can be as simple as sending a private message of support to the person being targeted. It could also involve reporting the abusive content to the platform's administrators or telling a trusted adult, like a parent or teacher. When upstanders act, they can change the entire dynamic of a situation, showing the victim they are not alone and signaling to the bully that their behavior is unacceptable.

This phenomenon isn't limited to private group chats. We see it on a larger scale in Vietnam, particularly in the comment sections of popular online news sites and social media pages. A handful of aggressive users can post hateful comments, creating a toxic atmosphere. Meanwhile, hundreds or even thousands of others read these comments but remain silent. This silence allows the negative voices to seem more powerful and representative than they actually are, discouraging healthy discussion and making the internet a less welcoming place for everyone.

Ultimately, the choice to act or not is a personal one, but it comes with consequences. By doing nothing, a bystander indirectly allows the harassment to continue. Choosing to become an upstander is an act of courage and empathy that can make a significant difference. It reinforces the idea that online communities, just like real-life ones, depend on their members to uphold standards of kindness and respect. The question isn't just about what you see online; it's about what you choose to do about it.