Đề ôn thi Đề thi vào lớp 10 Hà Nội môn Tiếng Anh - Mã đề HN-53

(23) __________. In the email, I explained the situation and attached my order number for your reference. My request is for a replacement item to be sent to my address. (24) __________

Have you ever wondered how electricity reaches your home? The journey begins at a large power plant. Here, enormous generators (25) __________ electricity by using energy from sources like coal, gas, or wind. After it is generated, the electricity's voltage is increased by a step-up transformer. This is important because high-voltage electricity travels more efficiently. (26) __________, large transmission lines carry the power across the country.

When the electricity reaches a local area, a smaller substation reduces the voltage to a safer level. From there, the electricity (27) __________ through smaller distribution lines to your neighborhood. These are the lines (28) __________ you often see on wooden poles along the street. This entire complex network is what (29) __________ our modern lives possible. It is a system we have relied on for many years, and it (30) __________ to evolve with new technologies like smart grids.

Have you ever looked up at the night sky from a city and wondered where the stars went? The answer is a modern problem: light pollution. This phenomenon, visible as a bright "sky glow" above urban areas, is caused by excessive artificial light. It obscures our view of the cosmos and has significant environmental impacts that we are only now beginning to fully understand.

Major cities worldwide, including developing ones like Ho Chi Minh City, are hotspots. The constant illumination from skyscrapers, streetlights, and giant digital billboards all contribute to the brightness. While intended for safety and commerce, this nonstop lighting creates a luminous blanket over the city, effectively erasing the natural darkness of night and changing the urban environment after sunset.

The consequences extend far beyond a starless sky. Nocturnal animals, from migratory birds to sea turtles, are severely affected. Their life cycles, which depend on natural patterns of light and dark, are disrupted. This artificial light can confuse their navigation, alter their hunting habits, and interfere with reproduction. It is a serious threat to urban ecosystems, showing that our light has a dark side.

Beyond ecological damage, light pollution is also a significant waste of energy and money. The problem, however, is not without solutions. Implementing smarter lighting designs, such as shielded fixtures that direct light downwards and using motion-sensor lights, can make a huge difference. By being more mindful, we can help reclaim the stars and protect the delicate balance of the nighttime world.

Governments worldwide are increasingly creating laws to combat the spread of misinformation, often called 'fake news'. Supporters argue these laws are necessary to protect democracy from dangerous lies. However, critics are worried about the potential for these rules to be misused, (37) __________. This creates a difficult situation where officials must balance protecting citizens from false information with the need to uphold free speech.

Many new laws give governments the power to decide what is true and what is false, (38) __________. For instance, a government could label legitimate criticism of its policies as 'fake news' and punish the journalists or citizens who shared it. This is a serious concern, (39) __________. Ultimately, while the goal of fighting fake news is important, the methods used must be carefully designed so that they do not become tools for censorship, (40) __________.

A. which is a responsibility that can be easily abused

B. threatening the very foundations of a free and open society

C. leading to a situation where governments can silence any voice that disagrees with them

D. especially in countries where democratic traditions are not strong