Đề ôn thi Đề thi tốt nghiệp THPT môn Tiếng Anh - Mã đề THPT-42

(18) __________. Born in Germany in 1879, he questioned the established laws of physics from a young age. While working as a patent clerk, he published groundbreaking papers in 1905, his “miracle year,” that forever altered our comprehension of space, time, gravity, and the universe.

(19) __________. This theory, (20) __________, proposed that the laws of physics are constant for all observers in uniform motion. This seemingly simple idea led to mind-boggling conclusions, such as time dilation (time slows down at higher speeds) and length contraction (objects appear shorter in the direction of motion).

Einstein didn't stop there. A decade later, he presented his theory of general relativity, (21) __________. This theory provided explanations for previously unexplained phenomena, like the bending of starlight around massive objects, and paved the way for our understanding of black holes and the evolution of the universe.

Einstein's revolutionary ideas weren't immediately accepted. (22) __________, his theories were eventually validated through numerous experiments and observations. Today, Einstein's work forms the bedrock of modern physics, influencing countless technological advancements, from GPS navigation to nuclear energy. His enduring legacy lies in his ability to challenge the status quo and reveal the universe's elegant, often counterintuitive, nature.

Festivals are a universal aspect of human culture, found in societies across the globe and throughout history. From ancient harvest celebrations to modern music festivals, these events provide a glimpse into the shared values, beliefs, and traditions that bind communities together. Anthropologists study festivals not just as isolated events, but as windows into the complex workings of human societies.

One key aspect anthropologists explore is the role festivals play in social cohesion. These celebrations often serve to reinforce group identity and solidarity, bringing people together to participate in shared rituals, performances, and feasts. These shared experiences help to strengthen social bonds and create a sense of belonging among community members. For example, the Holi festival in India, a vibrant celebration of color and spring, transcends social hierarchies as people from all walks of life come together to playfully drench each other in colored powder and water.

Furthermore, festivals often serve as important markers of time and tradition, connecting present generations to the past. Many festivals commemorate historical events, mythical figures, or seasonal changes that hold cultural significance. By re-enacting these traditions year after year, communities pass down their cultural heritage and ensure its continuity. The Bon Festival in Japan, for instance, honors the spirits of ancestors and involves traditional dances, food offerings, and visits to ancestral graves, serving as a powerful reminder of lineage and family history.

Anthropological studies of festivals also highlight the dynamic nature of culture. As societies change, so too do their festivals. New influences, technologies, and social norms inevitably leave their mark on these celebrations, leading to adaptations, innovations, and even the emergence of entirely new festivals. This ongoing evolution demonstrates the adaptability of culture and its ability to remain relevant and meaningful in a constantly changing world.

Globalization, the increasing interconnectedness of nations through trade, technology, and cultural exchange, has profoundly affected cultures worldwide. [I] One prominent effect is the spread of Western, particularly American, culture, which has brought about significant changes in local traditions and lifestyles. [II] This cultural diffusion, often facilitated by multinational corporations and media, can be seen in the adoption of Western fashion trends, music genres, and fast-food chains in various parts of the world. [III] For example, the popularity of Hollywood movies and American television shows has exposed audiences globally to American values and customs, influencing their own cultural preferences. [IV]

The concern about cultural homogenization stems from the potential for dominant cultures to overshadow or even replace less prominent ones. This process can lead to the loss of unique cultural practices, languages, and traditions. The widespread adoption of English as a global language, while beneficial for international communication, also exemplifies this potential for cultural erosion. As English becomes increasingly dominant, local languages may lose speakers and eventually disappear altogether, diminishing the linguistic diversity of the world. Efforts to preserve and promote local languages and cultural traditions are crucial in mitigating this risk.

Despite the potential drawbacks, globalization also offers opportunities for cross-cultural exchange and understanding. The internet and social media platforms have facilitated the sharing of information and ideas across borders, enabling individuals from different cultural backgrounds to connect and interact. This increased interaction can foster greater empathy and tolerance between cultures, leading to a richer and more diverse global community. Moreover, globalization can promote cultural innovation by exposing people to new art forms, culinary traditions, and philosophical perspectives, inspiring creativity and the development of hybrid cultural expressions.

Ultimately, the impact of globalization on culture is a complex and multifaceted phenomenon. While it presents challenges related to cultural homogenization and the dominance of certain cultures, it also creates opportunities for cross-cultural understanding and the emergence of new cultural forms. Recognizing both the potential benefits and drawbacks of globalization is essential for navigating the evolving cultural landscape and promoting a future where cultural diversity is celebrated and preserved.