Đề ôn thi Đề thi tốt nghiệp THPT môn Tiếng Anh - Mã đề THPT-39

(18) __________. Fortunately, we are equipped with a powerful defense system - the immune system. This complex network of cells, tissues, and organs works tirelessly to identify and eliminate these threats, protecting us from infection and disease.

The first line of defense is comprised of physical and chemical barriers that prevent pathogens from entering the body. These include (19) __________, and mucous membranes that line the respiratory, digestive, and urinary tracts, trapping invaders in sticky secretions. If a pathogen manages to bypass these external defenses, the innate immune system springs into action. This rapid, non-specific response involves various white blood cells, such as neutrophils and macrophages, (20) __________.

The adaptive immune system, on the other hand, is a more specialized and targeted response. This branch of the immune system "remembers" previous encounters with specific pathogens, allowing for a faster and more effective response upon subsequent exposures. Key players in adaptive immunity are lymphocytes, (21) __________. T cells directly attack infected cells, while B cells produce antibodies, specialized proteins that bind to and neutralize specific pathogens.

(22) __________. Understanding how our immune system works is crucial for appreciating its importance in maintaining our health and for developing strategies to combat infectious diseases.

Traditional medicine and modern medicine are two distinct approaches to healthcare that have coexisted for centuries. Historically, traditional medicine, encompassing practices like Ayurveda, Traditional Chinese Medicine, and various indigenous healing methods, has played a vital role in communities worldwide. These systems often rely on herbal remedies, spiritual practices, and a holistic understanding of the body's connection to nature. For instance, acupuncture, a key component of Traditional Chinese Medicine, involves inserting thin needles into specific points on the body to stimulate energy flow and alleviate pain.

Modern medicine, on the other hand, emerged from scientific advancements in the 18th and 19th centuries. It focuses on diagnosing and treating diseases through evidence-based methods, relying heavily on pharmaceuticals, surgery, and advanced technology. Modern medicine excels in treating acute illnesses and injuries, with innovations like antibiotics and vaccines drastically reducing mortality rates from infectious diseases.

While distinct in their approaches, both traditional and modern medicine offer unique benefits. Traditional medicine often emphasizes disease prevention, lifestyle modifications, and addressing the root causes of illness, promoting overall well-being. Modern medicine, with its advanced diagnostic tools and targeted therapies, provides effective solutions for acute conditions and complex medical interventions.

Recognizing the strengths of both systems has led to a growing trend of integrative medicine. This holistic approach combines conventional treatments with evidence-based traditional practices. By bridging the gap between these two worlds, integrative medicine aims to provide patients with comprehensive and personalized healthcare solutions that address their physical, emotional, and spiritual well-being.

[I] The digital divide, the gap between those who have ready access to information and communication technologies (ICTs) and those who do not, significantly impacts social dynamics. [II] This divide doesn't simply boil down to owning a computer or smartphone; it encompasses access to reliable internet service, digital literacy skills, and the ability to effectively utilize these technologies for education, employment, healthcare, and social participation. [III] For example, students without internet access at home struggle to complete online assignments, widening the achievement gap compared to their connected peers. [IV]

This disparity in access has profound consequences for social mobility. Reliable internet access is increasingly essential for job searching, professional development, and networking. It opens doors to online education, allowing individuals to acquire new skills and advance their careers. Without these digital tools, individuals may find themselves locked out of emerging job markets and opportunities for upward mobility, perpetuating cycles of poverty and reinforcing social stratification. This further marginalizes vulnerable populations and limits their potential.

The digital divide also creates a knowledge-based hierarchy within society. Access to information empowers individuals to participate fully in civic discourse, engage in political processes, and access vital health information. Those lacking digital literacy and access are at a disadvantage, potentially leading to misinformation, reduced civic engagement, and a diminished ability to advocate for their own needs. This can create a two-tiered society where some are well-informed and empowered, while others are left behind, unable to access the resources they need to thrive.

Bridging the digital divide requires a multi-faceted approach. This includes investing in infrastructure to expand internet access, particularly in underserved communities, and promoting digital literacy programs that equip individuals with the skills to navigate the digital world effectively. Furthermore, ensuring affordability of internet services and devices is crucial for equitable access. By addressing these challenges, we can foster a more inclusive society where everyone has the opportunity to benefit from the transformative power of technology.