Đề ôn thi Đề thi tốt nghiệp THPT môn Tiếng Anh - Mã đề THPT-136

(18) __________. This complex molecule, (19) __________, contains the genetic instructions needed for an organism to develop, survive, and reproduce. Think of DNA as a blueprint, a detailed set of instructions that determines traits like eye color, height, and even predisposition to certain diseases. These instructions are encoded in the sequence of four chemical bases: adenine (A), guanine (G), cytosine (C), and thymine (T).

The structure of DNA, (20) __________, resembles a twisted ladder, known as a double helix. The sides of the ladder are made up of alternating sugar and phosphate molecules, while the rungs consist of paired chemical bases. Adenine always pairs with thymine (A-T), and guanine always pairs with cytosine (G-C). The specific order, or sequence, of these base pairs within the DNA molecule is what carries the genetic information.

(21) __________. If you were to stretch out all the DNA in your body, it would reach to the sun and back over 600 times! This vast amount of genetic information is essential for the incredible complexity and diversity of life on Earth.

Despite the sheer volume of data encoded within our DNA, (22) __________, leading to groundbreaking advancements in fields like medicine, agriculture, and even criminal justice. Understanding DNA and how it functions is crucial not only for comprehending our own existence but also for unlocking the mysteries of life itself.

The influence of Ancient Greek philosophy on Western civilization is undeniably profound. From the development of democracy and logic to the foundations of modern science and ethics, the ideas of Greek thinkers continue to shape our world. Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle, considered the "Big Three" of Greek philosophy, grappled with fundamental questions about knowledge, justice, and the nature of reality, leaving behind a legacy of critical thinking and intellectual inquiry.

Their impact extends far beyond the hallowed halls of academia. The concept of democracy, for example, which we often take for granted, originated in Athens, Greece. It wasn't the democracy we know today, but the core principles of citizen participation and self-governance were established during this period. Similarly, the Greeks pioneered the field of logic, with Aristotle's work forming the basis of formal reasoning for centuries.

The Greek fascination with the natural world also laid the groundwork for scientific inquiry. While their theories may seem rudimentary by today's standards, the Greeks were among the first to move away from purely mythological explanations of natural phenomena. Thinkers like Thales and Pythagoras sought natural explanations for earthquakes and the movements of the stars, marking a pivotal shift towards scientific observation and rational thought.

The enduring relevance of Greek philosophy lies in its ability to transcend time and culture. The questions these ancient thinkers wrestled with - about the meaning of life, the nature of good and evil, and the pursuit of knowledge - remain just as relevant today. By engaging with their ideas, we embark on a journey of self-discovery, challenging our own assumptions and expanding our understanding of the world around us.

[I] The future of artificial superintelligence (ASI) is a topic that both fascinates and concerns experts. [II] While still largely theoretical, ASI, which surpasses human intelligence in all aspects, has the potential to revolutionize various fields, from medicine and engineering to scientific discovery. [III] However, realizing this potential requires us to carefully think through the ethical implications and potential risks. [IV]

These potential risks associated with ASI development are not to be taken lightly. They highlight the need for robust safety mechanisms and ethical guidelines. Experts are exploring various approaches, including "value alignment," which aims to ensure ASI's goals are aligned with human values. Furthermore, the concept of "controllability" is crucial, focusing on mechanisms to ensure humans retain oversight and the ability to intervene if necessary. These discussions are vital for navigating the complex landscape of ASI development and mitigating potential harm.

Developing ASI presents significant long-term challenges. One major concern revolves around the "alignment problem"—the difficulty in ensuring ASI's objectives remain aligned with human values as it evolves and learns. An ASI misinterpreting its instructions or developing unforeseen goals could have catastrophic consequences. Another challenge lies in the potential for an "intelligence explosion," a scenario where ASI rapidly improves its own capabilities, potentially outpacing human understanding and control. Addressing these complex issues requires interdisciplinary collaboration involving computer scientists, ethicists, philosophers, and policymakers.

Therefore, exploring the future of ASI requires a balanced approach. While acknowledging the potential benefits—solving complex problems, advancing scientific understanding, and improving human lives—we must also prioritize safety and ethical considerations. Open discussions, ongoing research, and international cooperation are essential to navigate the uncharted territory of ASI and ensure its development serves humanity's best interests.